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PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TENDENCY TO STRESS: THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP

Francois Olivier Hastings Epota
Studentat the faculty of psychology and sociology, Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University,
Nataliia Kostruba
PhD, Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University

Stress is a central concept for understanding both life and evolution. Our future as individuals and as a species depends on our ability to adapt to potent stressors. At a societal level, we face a lack of institutional resources, pestilence, war, and international terrorism that has reached our shores. At an individual level, we live with the insecurities of our daily existence including job stress, marital stress, and unsafe schools and neighborhoods. These are not an entirely new condition as, in the last century alone, the world suffered from instances of mass starvation, genocide, revolutions, civil wars, major infectious disease epidemics, two world wars, and a pernicious cold war that threatened the world order [2, p. 613]. Although we have chosen not to focus on these global threats in this paper, they do provide the backdrop for our consideration of the relationship between stress and personal characteristics.

Psychological stress is a special relationship between the subject and the environment. The subject's reactions to a stressful situation are the result of the interaction between the characteristics of the situation and the characteristics of the individual. It assesses the demands of its environment in relation to its own resources or its own expectations. Following this, the subject will adopt strategies to tolerate or master stressful situations. These are coping strategies. They can joke, or drink excessively, request significant social support, have additive behaviors.

Stress is a reaction of adaptation of living organisms in response to internal or external threats to homeostasis.  It is considered a complex defense mechanism representing the end point of many dynamic and interconnected factors of a biological, psychological and social nature.  Stress is not a simple stimulus-response reaction, but the interaction between an individual and the environment, involving subjective perception and an assessment of stressors, thus constituting a highly personalized process [1, p. 237]. Specific hereditary characteristics, an early life experience and, in particular, learned cognitive predispositions make individuals more or less sensitive to the effects of stressors.  Resilience and vulnerability to stressors as well as the intensity of the stress response depend greatly on age, gender, intelligence, and many personality characteristics, such as hardiness, place of  control, self-efficacy, self-esteem, optimism, hostility, negative affectivity and social inhibition. 

To understand the relationship between personality and stress, it is essential to recognize the impact of individual differences in the following four aspects: (1) the choice or avoidance of environments associated with stressors, challenges or  specific advantages, (2) a way of interpreting a stressful situation and the evaluation of one's own capacities and capacities for proactive behavior in order to face or avoid it, (3) the intensity of the response to a  stressor, and (4) coping strategies employed by the person facing a stressful situation.  Studies have found considerable consistency in the coping strategies used to deal with stressful situations, regardless of situational factors and in relation to permanent personality and character traits, such as neuroticism, extraversion, sense of self,  humor, persistence, fatalism, awareness and openness to experience.  Positive affect has been associated with positive reassessment (reframing) of stressful situations, goal-oriented adaptation to problems, use of spiritual or religious beliefs to seek comfort, and insufflation of meaning in events ordinary everyday life in order to get psychological downtime.  

The characteristics of a resilient personality are: the ability to cope with stressful situations, the pursuit of engagement in activities, flexibility in the face of unexpected changes in life, the ability to seek social support, perceive stress as a challenge – a chance for growth and development rather than threatening life, taking care of your body, living in harmony with nature, optimism and sense of humor, work and love, developing  spiritualism and seek the true meaning.  The tolerance level is individual, but even people with mature and integrated personalities exposed to prolonged stress may suffer from a failure in their coping capacities and psychological or somatic decompensation.  In recent years, life skills education has received special attention [4]. 

Vollrath M.  propose that relationships exist between transactional stress research with research into the Big Five personality system. A deeper integration of personality psychology and transactional stress theory offers rich resources, yet only partly tapped, for further theoretical development and the formulation of new research questions [3, p. 347].

So, there are considerable individual differences in stress responses with some people showing maladaptive responses, whereas others are more resilient to the same stressor. The stress response may vary according to sex, genetically predisposition, personality, and mindset. Arguably, how to predict individual variability of stress responses, and resilience and vulnerability to stress-related negative effects, could be viewed as the most important topic in this realm.

 

Sourcesand literature:

  1. Sardarzadeh, S. (2019). Investigates the role of cognitive and emotional schemas in stress. Psychological Prospects Journal, (33), 235-247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29038/2227-1376-2019-33-235-247
  2. Schneiderman N., Ironson G., Siegel S. D. Stress and health: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants //Annu Rev Clin Psychol. – 2005. –  Vol. 1. – P. 607–628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141
  3. Vollrath    M. Personality and stress // Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. – 2001. –Vol. 42(4). – P. 335-47.
  4. Xin, Y., Wu, J., Yao, Z. Guan Q., Aleman A., Luo Y. The relationship between personality and the response to acute psychological stress // Scientific Reports. – 2017. – Vol. 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17053-2
Коментарі до статті:
Тетяна Федотова [15.05.2020 23:54]
Interesting article. We wait further research!
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